Chapter 11: Limiting Debtor's Business Judgment Under 363 and for Transactions Outside the Ordinary Course

Transactions outside the ordinary course of business are the lifeblood of Chapter 11. The trustee or debtor-in-possession wishing to sell assets, assume or reject leases, and engage in other transactions must convince the bankruptcy court that the transaction is in the debtor's best interests and its estate--not specific creditors or other constituencies. A consensus developed almost 40 years ago that such transactions would be approved if supported by an articulated business justification.

That justification has always been fluid. The initial question is whether the judge decides that issue independently or defers to the debtor's "articulated business purpose" or "business judgment" and what that means. Different courts define the same standard differently. When applying a rule, what courts say they do and what they do are sometimes different.

Further complicating the analysis, when parties attempt to include in sale contracts, bidding terms, or restructuring agreements fees and expenses that look like Section 503 administrative claims, many courts are subjecting the terms to a substantial contribution test. Rules that permit deference only to decisions by bona fide independent directors or management invite scrutiny of that independence.

Listen as this experienced panel of bankruptcy lawyers discusses the limitations on a debtor's business judgment in Chapter 11.