Bad advice appears well-justified and initially quite useful in solving a good number of questions. Unfortunately, shortcuts are easy to circumvent. What’s worse, they can be used as traps—especially if you tend to use them blindly (as people often do). Let’s take a look at a common belief about Flaw in the Reasoning questions:
If you come across a Flaw question where the stimulus contains conditional reasoning, the flaw has something to do with the conditional nature in the argument. Just look for an answer choice containing such keywords as “sufficient” and “necessary,” and you are all set!
Not necessarily. Quite a few Flaw questions in recent years contain conditional arguments that are either weak for some other reason, or—even if they do contain a flaw in conditional reasoning—avoid using the expected terminology in describing it. Take, for instance, June 2008, LR1, Question 19.
Flaw in Reasoning Example
In that question, the stimulus describes a team which has lost only when Jennifer was not playing; so if she plays, the author concludes, the team is certain to win. The Flaw question that follows tempts you to choose the first answer choice you come across—answer choice (A). In it, you find the following description: “[the argument] infers from the fact that a certain factor is sufficient for a result that the absence of that factor is necessary for the opposite result.”
Most test-takers can correctly identify the conditional relationship between losing the game and Jennifer playing:
Lost –> NO Jennifer
Assuming the team can either lose or win (no ties), we can reasonably conclude that the team won the game whenever Jennifer played in it. This would be the contrapositive of the one and only premise in the stimulus:
Jennifer –> Win
So, the argument contains neither a Mistaken Reversal, nor a Mistaken Negation. If you read answer choice (A) more closely, you realize that it describes a contrapositive—a perfectly valid deduction from a conditional claim. The flaw has nothing to do with conditional reasoning: it is just a temporal error in reasoning (what has occurred in the past is not necessarily bound to occur in the future), which agrees with answer choice (D), not (A). However, if you followed the shortcut discussed here, you would have gotten the question wrong.
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